Description: Bryozoan dataset for Southland (n=654 records). A bryozoan species-level dataset for sampling collections (e.g. dredging) all around southern New Zealand over the last decade (2010-2018) was provided by Abigail Smith, at the University of Otago (unpublished data). Data includes presence and absence records at species-level (along with position and depth). Only the key frame-building bryozoan species are used in this review.
Copyright Text: Professor Abigail M. Smith (owner of the data)
http://www.otago.ac.nz/marinescience/staff/abigailsmith.html
Description: Presence-only locations of key reef-building bryozoan species in New ZealandBryozoans (sometimes referred to in other parts of the world as sea mats, moss animals or false lace corals) are creatures that form colonies somewhat resembling small corals. Each colony is made up of tiny individuals, each with a miniscule gut and a crown of tentacles that capture microscopic food particles. Colonies themselves range in size through five orders of magnitude from 0.2 mm to 2 metres in size.There are 27 species of habitat-forming bryozoans found in New Zealand (Wood et al., 2012), with eight key species known to contribute significantly to habitat complexity (listed below). A lot of bryozoan species can co-occur in bryozoan thickets and reefs, and many can help to form reefs. The top eight species that make a substantial contribution to bryozoan reefs are:Arachnopusia unicornis (Family: Arachnopusiidae), Cellaria immersa (Family: Cellariidae), Celleporaria agglutinans (known as the ‘Tasman Bay coral’)(Family: Lepraliellidae), Cinctipora elegans (Family: Cinctiporidae), Diaperoecia purpurascens (Family: Diaperoeciidae), Galeopsis porcellanicus (Family: Celleporidae), Hippomenella vellicata (Family: Hippopodinidae), Hornera robusta(Family: Horneridae)
Description: Presence-only locations of key reef-building bryozoan species in New ZealandBryozoans (sometimes referred to in other parts of the world as sea mats, moss animals or false lace corals) are creatures that form colonies somewhat resembling small corals. Each colony is made up of tiny individuals, each with a miniscule gut and a crown of tentacles that capture microscopic food particles. Colonies themselves range in size through five orders of magnitude from 0.2 mm to 2 metres in size.Bryozoans (sometimes referred to in other parts of the world as sea mats, moss animals or false lace corals) are creatures that form colonies somewhat resembling small corals. Each colony is made up of tiny individuals, each with a miniscule gut and a crown of tentacles that capture microscopic food particles. Colonies themselves range in size through five orders of magnitude from 0.2 mm to 2 metres in size.There are 27 species of habitat-forming bryozoans found in New Zealand (Wood et al., 2012), with eight key species known to contribute significantly to habitat complexity (listed below). A lot of bryozoan species can co-occur in bryozoan thickets and reefs, and many can help to form reefs. The top eight species that make a substantial contribution to bryozoan reefs are: Arachnopusia unicornis (Family: Arachnopusiidae), Cellaria immersa (Family: Cellariidae), Celleporaria agglutinans (known as the ‘Tasman Bay coral’)(Family: Lepraliellidae), Cinctipora elegans (Family: Cinctiporidae), Diaperoecia purpurascens (Family: Diaperoeciidae), Galeopsis porcellanicus (Family: Celleporidae), Hippomenella vellicata (Family: Hippopodinidae), Hornera robusta(Family: Horneridae)
Copyright Text: Data used provided by authors of:
Wood, A.C.L., Rowden, A.A., Compton, T., Gordon, D.P. and Robert, P.K. (2013) Habitat-forming bryozoans in New Zealand: their known and predicted distribution in relation to broad-scale environmental variables and fishing effort. PLoS ONE 8(9):e75160.
Description: Distribution of key algal-meadow species around New Zealand, based on presence-only specimen data. Data presented is sourced from AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)Distribution records were sequentially searched using key species names (e.g. ‘Gracilaria truncate’) and location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for algal species were extracted in April-May 2018.Algal meadows generally occur in sheltered areas, bay and harbours in different regions, but to date have not been well documented. There are no data on the size of these meadows and the distribution maps for this study are derived from species records, just indicating their occurrence and potential to form meadows.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Distribution of key algal-meadow species around New Zealand, based on presence-only specimen data. Data presented is sourced from AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)Distribution records were sequentially searched using key species names (e.g. ‘Gracilaria truncate’) and location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for algal species were extracted in April-May 2018.Algal meadows generally occur in sheltered areas, bay and harbours in different regions, but to date have not been well documented. There are no data on the size of these meadows and the distribution maps for this study are derived from species records, just indicating their occurrence and potential to form meadows.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Distribution of key algal-meadow species around New Zealand, based on presence-only specimen data. Data presented is sourced from AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)Distribution records were sequentially searched using key species names (e.g. ‘Gracilaria truncate’) and location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for algal species were extracted in April-May 2018.Algal meadows generally occur in sheltered areas, bay and harbours in different regions, but to date have not been well documented. There are no data on the size of these meadows and the distribution maps for this study are derived from species records, just indicating their occurrence and potential to form meadows.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Distribution of key algal-meadow species around New Zealand, based on presence-only specimen data. Data presented is sourced from AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)Distribution records were sequentially searched using key species names (e.g. ‘Gracilaria truncate’) and location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for algal species were extracted in April-May 2018.Algal meadows generally occur in sheltered areas, bay and harbours in different regions, but to date have not been well documented. There are no data on the size of these meadows and the distribution maps for this study are derived from species records, just indicating their occurrence and potential to form meadows.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Distribution of key algal-meadow species around New Zealand, based on presence-only specimen data. Data presented is sourced from AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)Distribution records were sequentially searched using key species names (e.g. ‘Gracilaria truncate’) and location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for algal species were extracted in April-May 2018.Algal meadows generally occur in sheltered areas, bay and harbours in different regions, but to date have not been well documented. There are no data on the size of these meadows and the distribution maps for this study are derived from species records, just indicating their occurrence and potential to form meadows.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Distribution of key algal-meadow species around New Zealand, based on presence-only specimen data. Data presented is sourced from AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)Distribution records were sequentially searched using key species names (e.g. ‘Gracilaria truncate’) and location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for algal species were extracted in April-May 2018.Algal meadows generally occur in sheltered areas, bay and harbours in different regions, but to date have not been well documented. There are no data on the size of these meadows and the distribution maps for this study are derived from species records, just indicating their occurrence and potential to form meadows.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Known distribution of key bed forming bivalves from OBIS-NZ dataset.Shellfish are a dominant part of our soft-sediment coastal and shelf environments (<250 m water depth). Large-bodied shellfish in high densities can form stable bed forms that support a diverse range of sessile and motile epibenthic associates.Key species:Robust dog cockles, Tucetona laticostata (Family: Glycymerididae)Horse mussels, Atrina zelandica (Family: Pinnidae).New Zealand scallops, Pecten novaezelandiae (Family: Pectinidae)Green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus (Family: Mytilidae)OBIS-NZ records were searched for the phylum “Mollusca” and Class “Bivalvia”. OBIS-NZ records (for Key bivalve species, n= 17572 records) were not included in this dataset as almost all were sourced from NIWA (99.7%)
Description: Known distribution of key bed forming bivalves from NIWA-Specify dataset.Shellfish are a dominant part of our soft-sediment coastal and shelf environments (<250 m water depth). Large-bodied shellfish in high densities can form stable bed forms that support a diverse range of sessile and motile epibenthic associates.Key species:Robust dog cockles, Tucetona laticostata (Family: Glycymerididae)Horse mussels, Atrina zelandica (Family: Pinnidae).New Zealand scallops, Pecten novaezelandiae (Family: Pectinidae)Green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus (Family: Mytilidae)
Description: Known distribution of key bed forming bivalves from Te Papa dataset.Shellfish are a dominant part of our soft-sediment coastal and shelf environments (<250 m water depth). Large-bodied shellfish in high densities can form stable bed forms that support a diverse range of sessile and motile epibenthic associates.Key species:Robust dog cockles, Tucetona laticostata (Family: Glycymerididae)Horse mussels, Atrina zelandica (Family: Pinnidae).New Zealand scallops, Pecten novaezelandiae (Family: Pectinidae)Green-lipped mussels, Perna canaliculus (Family: Mytilidae)
Copyright Text: Te Papa natural history collections
Description: Presence of Black corals. Presence data were obtained from New Zealand and Australian museum records, fisheries research databases, and online biodiversity databases.
Copyright Text: GIS layers and data from:
Anderson, O., Tracey, D., Bostock, H., Williams, M., Clark, M. (2014) Refined habitat suitability modelling for protected coral species in the New Zealand EEZ. NIWA Client Report prepared for Department of Conservation, WLG2014-69, 46 pp.
Description: Presence of Bushy coral species 'Stylasterid hydrocorals'. Presence data were obtained from New Zealand and Australian museum records, fisheries research databases, and online biodiversity databases.
Copyright Text: GIS layers and data from:
Anderson, O., Tracey, D., Bostock, H., Williams, M., Clark, M. (2014) Refined habitat suitability modelling for protected coral species in the New Zealand EEZ. NIWA Client Report prepared for Department of Conservation, WLG2014-69, 46 pp.
Description: Presence of Stony coral species 'Enallopsammia rostrata'. Presence data were obtained from New Zealand and Australian museum records, fisheries research databases, and online biodiversity databases.
Copyright Text: GIS layers and data from:
Anderson, O., Tracey, D., Bostock, H., Williams, M., Clark, M. (2014) Refined habitat suitability modelling for protected coral species in the New Zealand EEZ. NIWA Client Report prepared for Department of Conservation, WLG2014-69, 46 pp.
Description: Presence of Stony coral species 'Goniocorella dumosa'. Presence data were obtained from New Zealand and Australian museum records, fisheries research databases, and online biodiversity databases.
Copyright Text: GIS layers and data from:
Anderson, O., Tracey, D., Bostock, H., Williams, M., Clark, M. (2014) Refined habitat suitability modelling for protected coral species in the New Zealand EEZ. NIWA Client Report prepared for Department of Conservation, WLG2014-69, 46 pp.
Description: Presence of Stony coral species 'Madrepora oculata'. Presence data were obtained from New Zealand and Australian museum records, fisheries research databases, and online biodiversity databases.
Copyright Text: GIS layers and data from:
Anderson, O., Tracey, D., Bostock, H., Williams, M., Clark, M. (2014) Refined habitat suitability modelling for protected coral species in the New Zealand EEZ. NIWA Client Report prepared for Department of Conservation, WLG2014-69, 46 pp.
Description: Presence of Stony coral species 'Solenosmilia variabilis'. Presence data were obtained from New Zealand and Australian museum records, fisheries research databases, and online biodiversity databases.
Copyright Text: GIS layers and data from:
Anderson, O., Tracey, D., Bostock, H., Williams, M., Clark, M. (2014) Refined habitat suitability modelling for protected coral species in the New Zealand EEZ. NIWA Client Report prepared for Department of Conservation, WLG2014-69, 46 pp.
Name: Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems absence records
Display Field: station
Type: Feature Layer
Geometry Type: esriGeometryPoint
Description: Absence records for VME dataset
Copyright Text: GIS layers and data from:
Anderson, O., Tracey, D., Bostock, H., Williams, M., Clark, M. (2014) Refined habitat suitability modelling for protected coral species in the New Zealand EEZ. NIWA Client Report prepared for Department of Conservation, WLG2014-69, 46 pp.
Description: Presence of Kelp-forest species - Carpophyllum spp.AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018), Distribution records were searched using location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for kelp species presented in this report were extracted in April-May 2018.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Presence of Kelp-forest species - Durvillaea spp.AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018), Distribution records were searched using location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for kelp species presented in this report were extracted in April-May 2018.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Presence of Kelp-forest species - Ecklonia radiataAVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018), Distribution records were searched using location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for kelp species presented in this report were extracted in April-May 2018.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Presence of Kelp-forest species - Landsburgia spp.AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018), Distribution records were searched using location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for kelp species presented in this report were extracted in April-May 2018.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Presence of Kelp-forest species - Lessonia spp.AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018), Distribution records were searched using location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for kelp species presented in this report were extracted in April-May 2018.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Presence of Kelp-forest species - Macrocystis pyriferaAVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018), Distribution records were searched using location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for kelp species presented in this report were extracted in April-May 2018.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Presence of Kelp-forest species - Marginariella boryanaAVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018), Distribution records were searched using location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for kelp species presented in this report were extracted in April-May 2018.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Presence of Kelp-forest species - Sargassum spp.AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018), Distribution records were searched using location as ‘New Zealand’. Records for kelp species presented in this report were extracted in April-May 2018.
Copyright Text: AVH - The Australasian Virtual Herbarium (Atlas of Living Australia occurrence, May 2018)
Description: Distribution of Rhodoliths around New Zealand, based on presence-only data of identified specimens collected by NIWA.NIWA-internal All-Seaweeds data records extracted for rhodolith forming species for New Zealand. Data compiled in May 2018 by Neill (NIWA Wellington)Rhodoliths (known as maërl in Europe) are free-living, calcified red algae. Individual rhodoliths may start growing around a fragment of shell or rock, or they can be composed entirely of coralline algae.Very little information exists about the location, extent or ecosystem functioning of rhodolith beds in New Zealand. It is likely that they occur in the EEZ at localities characterised by strong currents within the photic zone (layer that receives sunlight) to depths of 200m depending on water clarity, particularly around the margins of reefs or elevated banks. Most investigations to date have been in diving depths less than about 30 m.Key speciesAt present three genera (Lithothamnion, Sporolithon and Lithophyllum) are known to occur in New Zealand, but only two species are commonly found in New Zealand (Sporolithon durum and Lithothamnion crispatum) (Harvey et al. 2005, Farr et al. 2009).Sporolithon durum (Red algae, Division: Rhodophyta, Family: Sporolithaceae)Lithothamnion crispatum (Red algae, Division: Rhodophyta, Family: Hapalidiaceae)
Description: Presence of seapens within New Zealand waters. Presence data were obtained from New Zealand and Australian museum records, fisheries research databases, and online biodiversity databases.
Copyright Text: GIS layers taken from-
Anderson, O., Guinotte, J., Rowden, A., Tracey, Mackay, K., Clark, M. Habitat suitability models for predicting the occurence of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the seas around New Zealand.
Description: Confirnmed records chemosynthetic siboglinid tubeworms.A group of deep-sea tubeworms (known as “beardworms”) are found in chemosynthetic environments, associated with hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. They used to be in separate phyla, Vestimentifera, and Pogonophora, but have recently been placed within the Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta, and most are in the Family Siboglinidae. These worms have no gut, and are adapted to absorb nutrients from the surrounding seawater and from symbiotic bacteria that live in a specialised organ, the trophosome, where they utilise hydrogen sulphide (vents) or methane (seeps). The worm provides the bacteria with oxygen and sulphide/methane through its circulatory system, and in return gains a source of food and energy. Hence, they are very different ecologically from other worms.Hydrothermal vent habitats around New Zealand mainly occur on active seamounts along the Kermadec Arc. Here the seafloor is volcanic rock, with venting often creating small mound or chimney features. The worms occur in rock crevices or patches of sediment where they are able to take root, near but not in the direct venting. Tubeworms can tolerate temperatures up to about 60°C, whereas some of the vents along the Kermadec Arc can emit fluids at 300–400°C. These vent habitats range from 200 m to 1800 m in depth.Seep sites in the EEZ are mainly known from the east coast of the North Island, and are associated with authigenic carbonate rock structures. These are areas where hydrocarbon-rich fluids seep or flare up through the seabed, typically occurring at depths around 700 m to 1000 m.Tubeworm patches are typically not very dense or extensive in New Zealand habitats, compared with classic overseas situations, such as hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise or seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Nevertheless, they can form patchy thicket formations or loose aggregations that create a habitat and host other fauna.Definition: Tubeworm patches are defined by structure-forming chemoautotrophic species associated with hydrothermal vent and cold seep habitats. Indicative species as per Schedule 6 of the EEZ Act are Siboglinum spp., Oasisia fujikurai, Lamellibrachia juni, and Lamellibrachia spp. A patch exists if:One or more aggregations of multiple tubeworms are visible in a seabed imaging survey of an active vent or cold seep (typically a scale of about 100m2).Two or more specimens of a chemoautotrophic species are found in a point sample.Two or more specimens of a chemoautotrophic species are found in a sample collected using towed gear.Key speciesThere are three main species of chemoautotrophic tubeworms known in New Zealand waters:Lamellibrachia juniLamellibrachia columnaOasisia fujikurai
Description: Known distribution of key 'sponge garden' species in New Zealand. Presence of all sponge species from OBIS-NZ dataset.Sponges are a principal component of many rocky reef assemblages, especially below depths at which large algae can grow. They also occur across a range of soft sediment systems, where sufficient hard surfaces are available for initial attachment. Sponges occur all around New Zealand, from intertidal pools out to the deep abyssal plane (and in freshwater systems), with many species of wide-ranging size, form, colour and composition. New species continue to be described each year, with many places in the continental sea and wider EEZ yet to be well explored by science. As such, their national distribution is poorly described, and tends to be as point samples from general field surveys, rather than at the abundance and assemblage compositions scale.
Description: Known distribution of key 'sponge garden' species in New Zealand. Presence of all sponge species from OBIS-NZ dataset.Sponges are a principal component of many rocky reef assemblages, especially below depths at which large algae can grow. They also occur across a range of soft sediment systems, where sufficient hard surfaces are available for initial attachment. Sponges occur all around New Zealand, from intertidal pools out to the deep abyssal plane (and in freshwater systems), with many species of wide-ranging size, form, colour and composition. New species continue to be described each year, with many places in the continental sea and wider EEZ yet to be well explored by science. As such, their national distribution is poorly described, and tends to be as point samples from general field surveys, rather than at the abundance and assemblage compositions scale.Known distribution of key 'sponge garden' species in New Zealand. Presence of all sponge species from OBIS-NZ dataset.
Description: Known distribution of key 'sponge garden' species in New Zealand. Presence of all sponge species from OBIS-NZ dataset.Sponges are a principal component of many rocky reef assemblages, especially below depths at which large algae can grow. They also occur across a range of soft sediment systems, where sufficient hard surfaces are available for initial attachment. Sponges occur all around New Zealand, from intertidal pools out to the deep abyssal plane (and in freshwater systems), with many species of wide-ranging size, form, colour and composition. New species continue to be described each year, with many places in the continental sea and wider EEZ yet to be well explored by science. As such, their national distribution is poorly described, and tends to be as point samples from general field surveys, rather than at the abundance and assemblage compositions scale.Known distribution of key 'sponge garden' species in New Zealand.Presence of all sponge species from Te Papa dataset.
Copyright Text: Te Papa natural history collections
Description: Xenophyophores are very large, single celled protozoans belonging to the Foraminifera (suborder Astrorhizina) and the Xenophyophorea.NIWA’s Invertebrate Collection, located at the NIWA Greta Point campus in Wellington, is a repository for marine invertebrates from almost all phyla found in the New Zealand region, the wider Southwest Pacific and the Ross Sea. It houses an estimated 300,000 collection lots that have been collected over half a century of biological research (Schnabel et al. 2014). Collection records were extracted, using the database management software Specify, from the X database.