Name: Seep worms

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Description: Confirnmed records chemosynthetic siboglinid tubeworms.A group of deep-sea tubeworms (known as “beardworms”) are found in chemosynthetic environments, associated with hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. They used to be in separate phyla, Vestimentifera, and Pogonophora, but have recently been placed within the Phylum Annelida, Class Polychaeta, and most are in the Family Siboglinidae. These worms have no gut, and are adapted to absorb nutrients from the surrounding seawater and from symbiotic bacteria that live in a specialised organ, the trophosome, where they utilise hydrogen sulphide (vents) or methane (seeps). The worm provides the bacteria with oxygen and sulphide/methane through its circulatory system, and in return gains a source of food and energy. Hence, they are very different ecologically from other worms.Hydrothermal vent habitats around New Zealand mainly occur on active seamounts along the Kermadec Arc. Here the seafloor is volcanic rock, with venting often creating small mound or chimney features. The worms occur in rock crevices or patches of sediment where they are able to take root, near but not in the direct venting. Tubeworms can tolerate temperatures up to about 60°C, whereas some of the vents along the Kermadec Arc can emit fluids at 300–400°C. These vent habitats range from 200 m to 1800 m in depth.Seep sites in the EEZ are mainly known from the east coast of the North Island, and are associated with authigenic carbonate rock structures. These are areas where hydrocarbon-rich fluids seep or flare up through the seabed, typically occurring at depths around 700 m to 1000 m.Tubeworm patches are typically not very dense or extensive in New Zealand habitats, compared with classic overseas situations, such as hydrothermal vents on the East Pacific Rise or seeps in the Gulf of Mexico. Nevertheless, they can form patchy thicket formations or loose aggregations that create a habitat and host other fauna.Definition: Tubeworm patches are defined by structure-forming chemoautotrophic species associated with hydrothermal vent and cold seep habitats. Indicative species as per Schedule 6 of the EEZ Act are Siboglinum spp., Oasisia fujikurai, Lamellibrachia juni, and Lamellibrachia spp. A patch exists if:One or more aggregations of multiple tubeworms are visible in a seabed imaging survey of an active vent or cold seep (typically a scale of about 100m2).Two or more specimens of a chemoautotrophic species are found in a point sample.Two or more specimens of a chemoautotrophic species are found in a sample collected using towed gear.Key speciesThere are three main species of chemoautotrophic tubeworms known in New Zealand waters:Lamellibrachia juniLamellibrachia columnaOasisia fujikurai

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